Data Contract
Data Contract Overview
Data contracts define the schema (structure) of data an application will store on Dash Platform. Contracts are described using JSON Schema which allows the platform to validate the contract-related data submitted to it.
The following sections provide details that developers need to construct valid contracts: documents and definitions. All data contracts must define one or more documents, whereas definitions are optional and may not be used for simple contracts.
General Constraints
Note: There are a variety of constraints currently defined for performance and security reasons. The following constraints are applicable to all aspects of data contracts. Unless otherwise noted, these constraints are defined in the platform's JSON Schema rules (e.g. js-dpp data contract meta schema).
Keyword
Dash Platform Protocol 0.20
Updating to the JSON Schema 2012-12 specification replaced the
definitions
keyword with thedefs
keyword.
The
$ref
keyword has been temporarily disabled since Platform v0.22.
Keyword | Constraint |
---|---|
default | Restricted - cannot be used (defined in DPP logic) |
propertyNames | Restricted - cannot be used (defined in DPP logic) |
uniqueItems: true | maxItems must be defined (maximum: 100000) |
pattern: <something> | maxLength must be defined (maximum: 50000) |
format: <something> | maxLength must be defined (maximum: 50000) |
$ref: <something> | Temporarily disabled$ref can only reference $defs - remote references not supported |
if , then , else , allOf , anyOf , oneOf , not | Disabled for data contracts |
dependencies | Not supported. Use dependentRequired and dependentSchema instead |
additionalItems | Not supported. Use items: false and prefixItems instead |
patternProperties | Restricted - cannot be used for data contracts |
pattern | Accept only RE2 compatible regular expressions (defined in DPP logic) |
Data Size
Note: These constraints are defined in the Dash Platform Protocol logic (not in JSON Schema).
All serialized data (including state transitions) is limited to a maximum size of 16 KB.
Additional Properties
Although JSON Schema allows additional, undefined properties by default, they are not allowed in Dash Platform data contracts. Data contract validation will fail if they are not explicitly forbidden using the additionalProperties
keyword anywhere properties
are defined (including within document properties of type object
).
Include the following at the same level as the properties
keyword to ensure proper validation:
"additionalProperties": false
Data Contract Object
The data contract object consists of the following fields as defined in the JavaScript reference client (js-dpp):
Property | Type | Required | Description |
---|---|---|---|
protocolVersion | integer | Yes | The platform protocol version (currently 1 ) |
$schema | string | Yes | A valid URL (default: https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract) |
$id | array of bytes | Yes | Contract ID generated from ownerId and entropy (32 bytes; content media type: application/x.dash.dpp.identifier ) |
version | integer | Yes | The data contract version |
ownerId | array of bytes | Yes | Identity that registered the data contract defining the document (32 bytes; content media type: application/x.dash.dpp.identifier |
documents | object | Yes | Document definitions (see Documents for details) |
$defs | object | No | Definitions for $ref references used in the documents object (if present, must be a non-empty object with <= 100 valid properties) |
Data Contract Schema
Details regarding the data contract object may be found in the js-dpp data contract meta schema. A truncated version is shown below for reference:
{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"$id": "https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract",
"type": "object",
"$defs": {
// Truncated ...
},
"properties": {
"protocolVersion": {
"type": "integer",
"$comment": "Maximum is the latest protocol version"
},
"$schema": {
"type": "string",
"const": "https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract"
},
"$id":{
"type": "array",
"byteArray": true,
"minItems": 32,
"maxItems": 32,
"contentMediaType": "application/x.dash.dpp.identifier"
},
"version": {
"type": "integer",
"minimum": 1
},
"ownerId":{
"type": "array",
"byteArray": true,
"minItems": 32,
"maxItems": 32,
"contentMediaType": "application/x.dash.dpp.identifier"
},
"documents": {
"type": "object",
"propertyNames": {
"pattern": "^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]{1,64}$"
},
"additionalProperties": {
"type": "object",
"allOf": [
{
"properties": {
"indices": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": {
"type": "string",
"minLength": 1,
"maxLength": 32
},
"properties": {
"type": "array",
"items": {
"type": "object",
"propertyNames": {
"maxLength": 256
},
"additionalProperties": {
"type": "string",
"enum": ["asc"]
},
"minProperties": 1,
"maxProperties": 1
},
"minItems": 1,
"maxItems": 10
},
"unique": {
"type": "boolean"
}
},
"required": ["properties", "name"],
"additionalProperties": false
},
"minItems": 1,
"maxItems": 10
},
"type": {
"const": "object"
},
"signatureSecurityLevelRequirement": {
"type": "integer",
"enum": [
1,
2,
3
],
"description": "Public key security level. 1 - Critical, 2 - High, 3 - Medium. If none specified, High level is used"
}
}
},
{
"$ref": "#/$defs/documentSchema"
}
],
"unevaluatedProperties": false
},
"minProperties": 1,
"maxProperties": 100
},
"$defs": {
"$ref": "#/$defs/documentProperties"
}
},
"required": [
"protocolVersion",
"$schema",
"$id",
"version",
"ownerId",
"documents"
],
"additionalProperties": false
}
Example
{
"id": "AoDzJxWSb1gUi2dSmvFeUFpSsjZQRJaqCpn7vCLkwwJj",
"ownerId": "7NUbPf231ixt1kVBQsBvSMMBxd7AgPad8KtdtfFGhXDP",
"schema": "https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract",
"documents": {
"note": {
"properties": {
"message": {
"type": "string"
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}
}
}
Data Contract id
The data contract $id
is a hash of the ownerId
and entropy as shown here.
// From the JavaScript reference implementation (js-dpp)
// generateDataContractId.js
function generateDataContractId(ownerId, entropy) {
return hash(
Buffer.concat([
ownerId,
entropy,
]),
);
}
Data Contract version
The data contract version
is an integer representing the current version of the contract. This
property must be incremented if the contract is updated.
Data Contract Documents
The documents
object defines each type of document required by the data contract. At a minimum, a document must consist of 1 or more properties. Documents may also define indices and a list of required properties. The additionalProperties
properties keyword must be included as described in the constraints section.
The following example shows a minimal documents
object defining a single document (note
) that has one property (message
).
{
"note": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"message": {
"type": "string"
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}
}
Document Properties
The properties
object defines each field that will be used by a document. Each field consists of an object that, at a minimum, must define its data type
(string
, number
, integer
, boolean
, array
, object
). Fields may also apply a variety of optional JSON Schema constraints related to the format, range, length, etc. of the data.
Note: The object
type is required to have properties defined either directly or via the data contract's $defs. For example, the body property shown below is an object containing a single string property (objectProperty):
const contractDocuments = {
message: {
"type": "object",
properties: {
body: {
type: "object",
properties: {
objectProperty: {
type: "string"
},
},
additionalProperties: false,
},
header: {
type: "string"
}
},
additionalProperties: false
}
};
Note: A full explanation of the capabilities of JSON Schema is beyond the scope of this document. For more information regarding its data types and the constraints that can be applied, please refer to the JSON Schema reference documentation.
Property Constraints
There are a variety of constraints currently defined for performance and security reasons.
Note: Prior to Dash Platform v0.23 there were stricter limitations on minimum property name length and the characters that could be used in property names.
Required Properties (Optional)
Each document may have some fields that are required for the document to be valid and other fields that are optional. Required fields are defined via the required
array which consists of a list of the field names from the document that must be present. The required
object should be excluded for documents without any required properties.
"required": [
"<field name a>",
"<field name b>"
]
Example
The following example (excerpt from the DPNS contract's domain
document) demonstrates a document that has 6 required fields:
"required": [
"label",
"normalizedLabel",
"normalizedParentDomainName",
"preorderSalt",
"records",
"subdomainRules"
]
Document Indices
Document indices may be defined if indexing on document fields is required.
Note: Dash Platform v0.23 only allows ascending default ordering for indices.
The indices
array consists of:
- One or more objects that each contain:
- A unique
name
for the index - A
properties
array composed of a<field name: sort order>
object for each document field that is part of the index (sort order:asc
only for Dash Platform v0.23) - An (optional)
unique
element that determines if duplicate values are allowed for the document type
- A unique
Note:
- The
indices
object should be excluded for documents that do not require indices. - When defining an index with multiple properties (i.e a compound index), the order in which the properties are listed is important. Refer to the mongoDB documentation for details regarding the significance of the order as it relates to querying capabilities. Dash uses GroveDB which works similarly but does requiring listing all the index's fields in query order by statements.
"indices": [
{
"name": "Index1",
"properties": [
{ "<field name a>": "asc" },
{ "<field name b>": "asc" }
],
"unique": true|false
},
{
"name": "Index2",
"properties": [
{ "<field name c>": "asc" },
],
}
]
Index Constraints
For performance and security reasons, indices have the following constraints. These constraints are subject to change over time.
Description | Value |
---|---|
Minimum/maximum length of index name | 1 / 32 |
Maximum number of indices | 10 |
Maximum number of unique indices | 3 |
Maximum number of properties in a single index | 10 |
Maximum length of indexed string property | 63 |
Note: Dash Platform v0.22+. does not allow indices for arrays Maximum length of indexed byte array property | 255 |
Note: Dash Platform v0.22+. does not allow indices for arrays Maximum number of indexed array items | 1024 |
Usage of $id in an index disallowed | N/A |
Example
The following example (excerpt from the DPNS contract's preorder
document) creates an index named saltedHash
on the saltedDomainHash
property that also enforces uniqueness across all documents of that type:
"indices": [
{
"name": "saltedHash",
"properties": [
{
"saltedDomainHash": "asc"
}
],
"unique": true
}
]
Full Document Syntax
This example syntax shows the structure of a documents object that defines two documents, an index, and a required field.
{
"<document name a>": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"<field name b>": {
"type": "<field data type>"
},
"<field name c>": {
"type": "<field data type>"
},
},
"indices": [
{
"name": "<index name>",
"properties": [
{
"<field name c>": "asc"
}
],
"unique": true|false
},
],
"required": [
"<field name c>"
]
"additionalProperties": false
},
"<document name x>": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"<property name y>": {
"type": "<property data type>"
},
"<property name z>": {
"type": "<property data type>"
},
},
"additionalProperties": false
},
}
Document Schema
Full document schema details may be found in this section of the js-dpp data contract meta schema.
Data Contract Definitions
The optional $defs
object enables definition of aspects of a schema that are used in multiple places. This is done using the JSON Schema support for reuse. Items defined in $defs
may then be referenced when defining documents
through use of the $ref
keyword.
Note:
- Properties defined in the
$defs
object must meet the same criteria as those defined in thedocuments
object (e.g. theadditionalProperties
properties keyword must be included as described in the constraints section). - Data contracts can only use the
$ref
keyword to reference their own$defs
. Referencing external definitions is not supported by the platform protocol.
Example
The following example shows a definition for a message
object consisting of two properties:
{
// Preceding content truncated ...
"$defs": {
"message": {
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"timestamp": {
"type": "number"
},
"description": {
"type": "string"
}
},
"additionalProperties": false
}
}
}
Note: In the js-dpp
reference implementation, definitions are added to a data contract via the .setDefinitions()
method (e.g. myContract.setDefinitions({\"message\": { ... }})
). This must be done prior to broadcasting the contract for registration.
Data Contract State Transition Details
There are two data contract-related state transitions: data contract create and data contract update. Details are provided in this section.
Data Contract Creation
Data contracts are created on the platform by submitting the data contract object in a data contract create state transition consisting of:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
protocolVersion | integer | The platform protocol version (currently 1 ) |
type | integer | State transition type (0 for data contract create) |
dataContract | data contract object | Object containing the data contract details |
entropy | array of bytes | Entropy used to generate the data contract ID. Generated as shown here. (32 bytes) |
signaturePublicKeyId | number | The id of the identity public key that signed the state transition |
signature | array of bytes | Signature of state transition data (65 or 96 bytes) |
Each data contract state transition must comply with this JSON-Schema definition established in js-dpp:
{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"protocolVersion": {
"type": "integer",
"$comment": "Maximum is the latest protocol version"
},
"type": {
"type": "integer",
"const": 0
},
"dataContract": {
"type": "object"
},
"entropy": {
"type": "array",
"byteArray": true,
"minItems": 32,
"maxItems": 32
},
"signaturePublicKeyId": {
"type": "integer",
"minimum": 0
},
"signature": {
"type": "array",
"byteArray": true,
"minItems": 65,
"maxItems": 96
}
},
"additionalProperties": false,
"required": [
"protocolVersion",
"type",
"dataContract",
"entropy",
"signaturePublicKeyId",
"signature"
]
}
Example State Transition
{
"protocolVersion":1,
"type":0,
"signature":"IFmEb/OwyYG0yn33U4/kieH4JL63Ft25GAun+XqWOalkbDrpL9z+OH+Sb03xsyMNzoILC2T1Q8yV1q7kCmr0HuQ=",
"signaturePublicKeyId":0,
"dataContract":{
"protocolVersion":1,
"$id":"44dvUnSdVtvPPeVy6mS4vRzJ4zfABCt33VvqTWMM8VG6",
"$schema":"https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract",
"version":1,
"ownerId":"6YfP6tT9AK8HPVXMK7CQrhpc8VMg7frjEnXinSPvUmZC",
"documents":{
"note":{
"type":"object",
"properties":{
"message":{
"type":"string"
}
},
"additionalProperties":false
}
}
},
"entropy":"J2Sl/Ka9T1paYUv6f2ec5MzaaACs9lcUvOskBU0SMlo="
}
Data Contract Update
Existing data contracts can be updated in certain backwards-compatible ways. The following aspects
of a data contract can be updated:
- Adding a new document
- Adding a new optional property to an existing document
- Adding non-unique indices for properties added in the update
Data contracts are updated on the platform by submitting the modified data contract
object in a data contract update state transition consisting of:
Field | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
protocolVersion | integer | The platform protocol version (currently 1 ) |
type | integer | State transition type (4 for data contract update) |
dataContract | data contract object | Object containing the updated data contract details Note: the data contract's version property must be incremented with each update |
signaturePublicKeyId | number | The id of the identity public key that signed the state transition |
signature | array of bytes | Signature of state transition data (65 or 96 bytes) |
Each data contract state transition must comply with this JSON-Schema definition established in
js-dpp:
{
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"protocolVersion": {
"type": "integer",
"$comment": "Maximum is the latest protocol version"
},
"type": {
"type": "integer",
"const": 4
},
"dataContract": {
"type": "object"
},
"signaturePublicKeyId": {
"type": "integer",
"minimum": 0
},
"signature": {
"type": "array",
"byteArray": true,
"minItems": 65,
"maxItems": 96
}
},
"additionalProperties": false,
"required": [
"protocolVersion",
"type",
"dataContract",
"signaturePublicKeyId",
"signature"
]
}
Example State Transition
{
"protocolVersion":1,
"type":4,
"signature":"IBboAbqbGBiWzyJDyhwzs1GujR6Gb4m5Gt/QCugLV2EYcsBaQKTM/Stq7iyIm2YyqkV8VlWqOfGebW2w5Pjnfak=",
"signaturePublicKeyId":0,
"dataContract":{
"protocolVersion":1,
"$id":"44dvUnSdVtvPPeVy6mS4vRzJ4zfABCt33VvqTWMM8VG6",
"$schema":"https://schema.dash.org/dpp-0-4-0/meta/data-contract",
"version":2,
"ownerId":"6YfP6tT9AK8HPVXMK7CQrhpc8VMg7frjEnXinSPvUmZC",
"documents":{
"note":{
"type":"object",
"properties":{
"message":{
"type":"string"
},
"author":{
"type":"string"
}
},
"additionalProperties":false
}
}
}
}
Data Contract State Transition Signing
Data contract state transitions must be signed by a private key associated with the contract owner's identity.
The process to sign a data contract state transition consists of the following steps:
- Canonical CBOR encode the state transition data - this include all ST fields except the
signature
andsignaturePublicKeyId
- Sign the encoded data with a private key associated with the
ownerId
- Set the state transition
signature
to the value of the signature created in the previous step - Set the state transition
signaturePublicKeyId
to the public keyid
corresponding to the key used to sign
Updated over 1 year ago